Rousseau and the Positive Theory of Liberty Essays -- Philosophy

Liberty impacts two main areas of political thought; the state of nature and the social contract. This essay will examine wither or not it is proper to characterize Jean Jacque Rousseau as holding a positive theory of liberty. To determine to what extends this is true the following areas must be taken into account and explored; the definitions of liberty and freedom, Isaiah Berlin’s concept of positive and negative liberty, Rousseau understands of Liberty and also why Rousseau’s theory can be characterised as positive liberty. The main argument of this essay is that Rousseau does hold a positive theory of liberty. Jean Jacque Rousseau was born on the 28th June 1712 and died on the 2nd July 1778. Rousseau was a major Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-century during the Romanticism era. His political philosophy was heavily influenced by the French Revolution and the American Revolution and also influenced his overall development of modern political, sociological and educational thought. Some of Rousseau’s famous works include the Social Contract or Du contrat social (1762) and Emile (1762). Firstly before establishing withers or not Rousseau’s theory of liberty is characterized as positive it important to begin defining what Liberty actually is. The Oxford dictionary defines liberty as ‘the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one’s behavior or political views’ (Oxford Dictionaries ). Isaiah Berlin (1909-97) argues that there are two different concepts of liberty: negative and positive. He states the negative liberty is ‘namely freedom from constraint or interface’ (Warburton, 2004, p. 232) or in other words absence of coercion, barriers, restraint or obstacl... ...rieved 12 2010, 9, from Oxford Dictionaries : http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0315030#m_en_gb0315030 (n.d.). Retrieved 12 2010, 9, from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberty-positive-negative/ Berlin, I. (1969). Two Concepts of Liberty. In Four Essays on Liberty. London: Oxford University Press. Haddock, B. (2008 ). A History of Political Thought . Cambridge: Polity . Replogle, R. (1989). Recovering the Social Contract. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. Rousseau, J. J. (1923). The Social Contract and Discourses translated with an Introduction by G.D. H. Cole . Londan and Toronto: J.M Dent and Sons. Shklar, J. (1969). Men and Citizens: A study of Rousseau's social theory. Cambridge: Cambridge UNiversity Press. Warburton, N. (2004). Philosoph: Basic Reading Second Edition . New York : Routledge .

KeepCup Analysis

KeepCup Company is an Australia private company, who are working in exporting reusable cups. KeepCup head office, which in Melbourne is recently exploring for the feasibility of introducing their product overseas to German. This business report provides a business analysis and consideration about the external environment in German. The purpose of this business report is to facilitate KeepCup in order to help the company to make decision for expanding their product exporting to German.The observation will go through on the political, economic, socio-cultural, technological and legal environment of German. Besides reporting the environment condition in German, this report provide analysis about the external environment in relation to KeepCup. In addition, this business report will highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats according to the external environment in German related to KeepCup. The recommendations on the suitableness of this expansion will be based on th e SWOT analysis.The report found that expanding the product distribution to German is a good decision. The opportunities regarded to German’s external environment supersede the threats. The rapid growth in modern technology, highly economic growth, the socio-culture, also the political environment in German can be a convenience way for the company to operate in German. Also the similarity between Labor and Business Law in German and Australia are considered as opportunities for KeepCup.The threat is contrasted in the some differences in socio-culture. However, it is recommended that KeepCup expand their business to German by exporting their reusable cups because of these findings regarding the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for expanding to German. This business report will provide relevant and empirical information on the political, economic, sociocultural, technological and legal environments through out SWOT analysis that impact KeepCup for expanding thei r business to German.2. Political Environment Political Environment consists of the government system, stability, government relation and certain political policies. (Bartol and Martin 1998, 71)2.1. Government StabilityGerman has been using democracy ideology from over 60 years ago. This makes a recently, democratic lifestyle and culture is embodied and implemented by every citizen in German (Make It In Germany 2013. The supreme authority in German is divided into 16 Là ¤nder and one central state. This kind of political government defined as a Democratic Federalist. Moreover, the stability of the government of German provides a suitable place for operating a business.2.2. Government RelationInternational relation is important for a big nation such as German. German has been joining six different international organization, which are European Union (EU), United Nation (UN), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), OSCE, World Trade Organization (WTO) and International Monetary Fu nd (IMF). There are two organizations, which are maintaining about trading relationship and the economic stability, WTO and IMF. With joining these two organizations, German has a good relation in politic issue particularly in the foreign or international trade. German has been joining WTO since 1995, this makes recently German opens their economic for foreign investment (Tatsachen Ueber Deutshland 2013).2.3. AnalysisAccording to the stability of the government of German, also the friendly and global political relationship, German is a good place to open a business. These two Political Environment characteristics provide an opportunity for KeepCup because German has a suitable Political Environment for opening business.3. Legal EnvironmentLegal Environment contrasts about two major laws, business law and labor law (Bartol and Martin 1998, 71).3.1. Business LawGerman has a low level of corruption. This country ranks 13th within least corruption country based on the Corruption Percept ions 2012 (Transparancy International 2012). Open international businesses in German are free from teething restriction in the daily business. Overall, the business law in German creates no different or contrast between the local company and foreign company investment or the established company. Moreover, the reliable laws make the companies able to plan their investments in the effective way (Germany Trade and Invest 2013).Apart from it, the business law in Australia has their own Guidelines and effective and consistent decision. The aim of government regarding to the Guidelines is to give a positive impact to the business conduct for companies in Australia (Australian Government 2011). Similar with German, Australia also categorized as one of the world least corruption by 2012 (Transparancy International 2012). Australian Government is concerned about corruption. Moreover, people in Australia also considered corruption as a harmful action for the environment (Bowman and Gilligan 2 009, 438-452)3.2. Labour LawThere are three main points according to similarity of the Labor Law in German and Australia. First of all, the legal working time for employee in German is eight hours per day (Liliane Jung 2011). Compared with Australia, which is eight hours per day, both countries have the same legal working hour (Work Place Info 2012). Secondly, the minimum working age in German are strictly applied by the government for employees in German. Hiring children for working, is forbidden by the law as stated in the YWPA (Young Workers Protection Act).Children under 15 years old are not allowed to work (Liliane Jung 2011). The legal age for working in Australia is also above 15 years old (Lawstuff 2010). This makes there is no different between the legal working age in German and Australia. Thirdly, the working conditions in German are considered as a safe and obligated working environment. The companies in German have a great liability for a particular large social and com munity. In order to improve the working conditions in German, health and safety are considered (Encyclopedia of The Nation 2012). Same with the working conditions in Australia, health and safety are required by the government as stated in National Employment Standards (NES) (Australian  Government 2009).3.3. AnalysisAccording to the similarity about the Business Law and Labor Law in German and Australia, both of the laws provide good opportunities for KeepCup in order to expand their business to German. KeepCup can be easily adapted to the Germany Laws and regulations because they don not need to totally adapt with the laws in German.4. Economic Environment Economic environment includes the stability of business cycle, exchange rate and economic trends which include economic trends and growth (â€Å"The Business and The Technological Environment† 2008, 58-80).4.1. Inflation RateIn July 2013, the inflation rate of Germany is at 1.92 percent. Since 1950, the inflation rate of Germany has been fluctuating with average rate at 2.49 percent until 2013. With this percentage of inflation rate, German can be considered as a good place for investment. The current inflation rate shows that the economic condition in German is in a good condition (Trading Economics 2013).4.2. Economic Trends and GrowthGerman is one of the heavily export countries in world (Trading Economics 2013). Since 10 years ago, the GDP of German has been fluctuating. From 2004 till 2008, the GDP of Germany was in positive number. Then in 2008 until 2010, there was an extreme decrease in the GDP of German which reached a peak at approximately -4.0. However, since 2010, the GDP of German has been going fluctuate at the positive number. Apart from it, recently the government of German is trying to maintain stability of GDP of Germany in the positive number. So, it can be a good condition for foreign investment in German, because they can make more profits if the economic condition in German gr owth (Randow 2013).4.3. AnalysisIn conclusion, both the inflation rate of German and also the economic trends and growth in German can be a good opportunities for foreign company to invest in German, particularly for KeepCup to expand their business to German.5. Socio-cultural EnvironmentSocio-cultural environment shows how the values of society influenced the working conditions (The Hofstede Centre 2013).5.1. The Cultural Dimension of Hofstede (The Hofstede Centre 2013)5.1.1. Power DistanceAustralia and German have a similar index of Power Distance. Both countries are considered as Low Power Distance countries. This culture creates a good leadership style between the managers and employees. Participative and democratic leadership are suitable for these two countries. Decentralized decisions making creates a good collaboration between team members and the leader.5.1.2. Individualism vs CollectivismAlthough the Individualism Index of Australia and German is slightly different, but bo th countries are considered as individualism country. Australia is more individualistic than German, it is considered as highly individualism country. Here people are more focused on their self-skills and individual performances. Moreover, Germany people are slightly more prefer to work as a team rather than working as an individual because the individualism in German is not as high as in Australia.5.1.3. Masculinity and Femininity Both Germany and Australian are considered as masculine. From the business point of view, people in both countries are more focus on performance in working and always try to do the best. Furthermore, with the masculine culture both people from these two countries are considered as hard worker.5.1.4. Uncertainty AvoidanceAustralia and German have different level of uncertainty avoidance. Germany can be considered as High Uncertainty Avoidance, whereas Australian is medium uncertainty avoidance. With the certain laws and legal policies in German, shows that Germany want to creates certainty by providing details and avoid risks. In contrast, Australian likes to try new things. People sometimes like to take a risk for creating a strategy.5.1.5. Term of OrientationGerman and Australia have the same term of orientation which is Short Term Orientation. In business point of view, both countries are using fast strategy and have a measureable payback. They also make a decision based on the recent condition. Logical thinking is using more than reach the consensus.5.2. AnalysisThere are three similarities and two differences between Germany and Australian socio-cultural based on Hofstede Cultural Dimensions. Germany and Australian have the similarities in Power Distance, Masculinity and Term of Orientation. In contrast, German and Australian have the differences in individualism and uncertainty avoidance. However, these socio-cultural dimensions can be opportunities for Keepcup to invest in German, because the similarities are outweigh the diff erences.6. Technological EnvironmentThe technological environment reflects the current technological infrastructure and communication technology (Mosley, Pietri, and Megginson 1996, 82)6.1. Technological Infrastructure German is going fast in improving their infrastructure since last decade. Based on Germany Trade and Invest, now German is the second best quality of infrastructure in the world, because German has some good logistic infrastructures. First of all, is the Port of Hamburg which the second largest port container in the world. Secondly, are the over 250 inland ports which are providing an efficient logistic distribution. Lastly, is the Frankfurt Airport which is the world seventh largest cargo airport and ninth largest passenger airport (Germany Trade and Invest 2011). These three logistic infrastructures creates a good opportunities and simplicities for foreign company to distribute their products to German.6.2. Communication NetworkCompared with Australia, German also h as an ultra high speed internet with fiber optic network and also wide range of mobile coverage. These modern communication network make the economic transactions and communications to national segment or even international segment easier and more efficient. (SAG Germany 2013).6.3. AnalysisThe sophisticated technology infrastructure and communication network in German provide an opportunities for KeepCup to do investment in German. The simplicity of the logistic distribution makes KeepCup easily to distribute their product among German. Moreover, the wide coverage area for communication network in German provides and easy way to communicate between customer to the company or company to company.ConclusionsBased on the SWOT analysis above, is highly recommended for KeepCup to expand their business to Germany. The strengths of KeepCup are greater than their weakness. This condition makes KeepCup can be easily to invest in German in this period of time. Moreover, it also supported by th e opportunities that extremely overcome the threat that KeepCup will encounter. Is highly recommended for KeepCup to start their investment to German first of all with looking for certain local cafà © to cooperate with them regarding to sell their reusable cups.9. Recommendations According to the weaknesses and the threat analysis, KeepCup will not be impacted with their weaknesses and threat in German. This happened because the strengths are overcome the weaknesses of KeepCup and the opportunities for KeepCup are outweigh the threat that the company will contend. These conditions provide three recommendations for KeepCup according to their plan to expand their business to German:1. KeepCup should expand their business in this period of time.2. KeepCup have to eliminate the weakness overcoming them with their strengths.3. KeepCup need to avoid the threats by outweighing them with their opportunities.

Eating Disorders Among College Women - 1997 Words

Understanding Eating Disorders Danny Tran Naugatuck Valley Community College Abstract This paper will talk about some of the things that people with eating disorders go through in their daily lives and give a general description of what exactly an eating disorder is and why it is important. Schwitzer Alan M., Bergholz Kim, Dore Terri, and Salimi Lamieh all talk about a few things that they did in order to prevent eating disorders among college woman as well as some of the treatment methods and preventative measure someone can take in order to prevent something like this from happening again. It will also talk about something called the â€Å"three-legged stool† which was created by Sackett et al. in 1996. The â€Å"three-legged stool† is a treatment method for eating disorders which considers research evidence, patient preference and values, and clinical expertise. There will also be some evidence included to explain why those three things are important in treating eating disorders. 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